# PoS Finality & Performance

Modulax uses a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism built for speed, efficiency, and future-proof security.\
The chain delivers fast block times while maintaining strong finality guarantees that are critical for bridging and high-value transactions.

> "Fast blocks are good. Final blocks are better. Modulax delivers both."

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### Core Principles

* Stake-Weighted Consensus\
  Validator selection is designed to be based on the amount of $MDX staked.
* Fast Blocks, Reliable Finality\
  Blocks are produced every \~2 seconds, while finality is achieved within \~12 seconds (supermajority confirmation).
* Validator Accountability\
  Misbehavior will be punished through slashing and stake loss once public validator participation opens.
* Scalability\
  Architecture optimized to scale to thousands of validators without bottlenecks.

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### Block Production

* Block Time: \~2 seconds
* Finality: \~12 seconds under current configuration
* Validator Rotation: Planned for fair algorithm-based selection when validator set opens
* Transaction Throughput: Targeting 1,000+ TPS under optimized load

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### Validator Rewards (Planned)

Currently, the network runs with a single validator during bootstrap.\
When public staking is enabled, rewards will include:

| Action             | Reward / Penalty                                  |
| ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Honest Validation  | Block + transaction fee rewards                   |
| Delegated Staking  | Share of validator rewards (minus commission fee) |
| Downtime           | Reduced rewards, potential penalties              |
| Malicious Behavior | Stake slashing                                    |

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### Finality Guarantees

* Blocks are finalized only after supermajority validator confirmation (in future public sets).
* Once finalized, transactions cannot be reversed — even if validators collude.
* Finality underpins cross-chain bridging and high-value transfers with confidence.

> "Finality means peace of mind. Once it’s final, it’s forever."

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### Performance Enhancements

* libp2p Networking\
  High-speed peer-to-peer layer that reduces latency in validator communication.
* Optimized Consensus\
  Lightweight signature aggregation for efficiency as validator count grows.
* Parallel Transaction Execution (Planned)\
  Concurrent transaction processing to push throughput beyond 1,000+ TPS.

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### Security Considerations

* Minimum stake requirements will discourage Sybil attacks.
* Slashing for double-signing or consensus manipulation will apply when public validators go live.
* Continuous audits and bug bounties for validator software.

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### Outlook

As Modulax integrates post-quantum cryptography, validator signatures will migrate from ECDSA to Dilithium (NIST PQC standard).\
This ensures validator performance and finality remain strong even in the quantum era.
